Friday 12 July 2013

Dictionary - A Short History

The first known dictionaries were Akkadian Empire cuneiform tablets with multilingual Sumerian–Akkadian wordlists, discovered in Ebla (modern Syria) and old roughly 2300 BCE. The starting 2nd millennium BCE Urra=hubullu information is the canonical Babylonian version of such multilingual Sumerian wordlists. A Chinese suppliers terminology, the c. 3rd millennium BCE Erya, was the very first sustained monolingual dictionary; although some sources review the c. 800 BCE Shizhoupian as a "dictionary", contemporary allow opinions it a calligraphic summary of Chinese suppliers numbers from Zhou kingdom bronzes. Philitas of Cos (fl. 4th millennium BCE) wrote a innovative terminology Insane Circumstances (Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι, Átaktoi glôssai) which described the facts of uncommon Homeric and other imaginary conditions, conditions from local 'languages', and terminology.

Apollonius the Sophist (fl. 1st millennium CE) wrote the very first sustained Homeric terminology.[6] The first Sanskrit terminology, the Amarakośa, was already released by Amara Sinha c. 4th millennium CE. Created in range, it specific around 10,000 conditions. According to the Nihon Shoki, the first Japanese individuals people terminology was the long-lost 682 CE Niina information of Chinese suppliers numbers. The first present Japanese individuals people terminology, the c. 835 CE Tenrei Banshō Meigi, was also a information of released Chinese suppliers. A 9th-century CE Irish terminology, Sanas Cormaic, engaged etymologies and information of over 1,400 Irish conditions. In Native indian around 1320, Amir Khusro compliled the Khaliq-e-bari which mainly managed Hindvi and Close by conditions.

Arabic dictionaries were gathered between the 8th and Fourteenth 100's of decades CE, preparing conditions in rhyme buy (by the last syllable), by alphabetical buy of the radicals, or according to the alphabetical buy of the first communication (the system used in contemporary European terminology dictionaries). The contemporary system was mainly used in expert dictionaries, such as those of conditions from the Qur'an and hadith, while most typical use dictionaries, such as the Lisan al-`Arab (13th millennium, still the best-known large-scale terminology of Arabic) and al-Qamus al-Muhit (14th century) specific conditions in the alphabetical buy of the radicals. The Qamus al-Muhit is the first useful terminology in Persia, such as only conditions and their information, eliminating the helping cases used in such dictionaries as the Lisan and the Oxford British Vocabulary.


In historical European nations, glossaries with alternatives for latina conditions in terminology or simpler latina were in use (e.g. the Leiden Glossary). The Catholicon (1287) by Johannes Balbus, a huge sentence execute with an alphabetical terminology, was generally applied. It offered as the base for several multilingual dictionaries and was one of the very first books (in 1460) to be printed. In 1502 Ambrogio Calepino's Dictionarium was already launched, originally a monolingual latina terminology, which over the course of the 16th millennium was improved to become a multilingual information. In 1532 David Estienne launched the Data source linguae latinae and in 1572 his son Henri Estienne launched the Data source linguae graecae, which offered up to the 19th millennium as the factors for Ancient lexicography. The first monolingual terminology released in a Loving efforts terminology was Sebastián Covarrubias' Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, launched in 1611 in The town. In 1612 the first version of the Vocabolario dell'Accademia della Crusca, for France, was already launched. It offered as the style for similar works in Italy, Language and British. In 1690 in Rotterdam was already launched, posthumously, the Dictionnaire Universel by Antoine Furetière for Italy. In 1694 revealed up the first version of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Between 1712 and 1721 was already launched the Vocabulario portughez e latino released by Raphael Bluteau. The Real Colleges Española launched the first version of the Diccionario de la lengua española in 1780, but their Diccionario de Autoridades, which engaged estimates taken from imaginary works, was already launched in 1726. The Totius Latinitatis terminology by Egidio Forcellini was first of all launched in 1777; it has recognized the factors for all similar works that have since been launched.
The first version of A Greek-English Vocabulary by Gretchen Gretchen Liddell and David Scott revealed up in 1843; this execute remained the main terminology of Ancient until the end of the Last millennium. And in 1858 was already launched the first variety of the Deutsches Wörterbuch by the Bros Grimm; the execute was completed in 1961. Between 1861 and 1874 was already launched the Dizionario della lingua italiana by Niccolò Tommaseo.






Émile Littré launched the Dictionnaire de la langue française between 1863 and 1872. In the same year 1863 revealed up the first variety of the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal which was completed in 1998. Also in 1863 Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl launched the Useful Vocabulary of the Living Outstanding European Language. The Duden terminology goes coming back to 1880, and is currently the prescriptive source for the punctuation of In in german. In 1898 was printed the first variety of the Svenska Akademiens ordbok, whose guide is still in enhancement.

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